Short Vowels
short a
short e
short i
short o #1
short o #2
short oo
short u
*Note that in some North American accents, the short “o” is pronounced almost like a pure “ah” (as in father), whereas in others it is pronounced closer to “aw” (as in saw).
Long Vowels
long a
long e
long i
long o
long oo
long u
Diphthongs*
ou, ow**
oy, oi
ew (often pronounced the same as long oo)
*Technically, the long “a” and long “i” sounds are also diphthongs, but these are placed with the long vowels for the sake of consistency.
R-Controlled Vowels